Cyber Terrorism Essays - Cyberwarfare, Security, Cybercrime

Cyber Terrorism The face of global terrorism as we knew it to be 50 odd years ago is changing rapidly with the advancement of technology in today's society. Be it a kid trying to get his kicks bypassing the security or his local Internet Service Provider, or an established terrorist trying to get classified information, the amount of funds we put into protecting ourselves from cyberterrorism is not nearly enough if we were to think about what could be at harm. The vulnerability of commercial systems to cyberattacks is repeatedly demonstrated by events portrayed in the media and, there is no evidence that non-government systems are any more or less vulnerable than government ones, or that the security posture of either group, as a whole, is generally improving -- despite the availability and use of a growing supply of information security tools. In a recent study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) of 4900 IT professionals across 30 nations found that this year alone 39,363 human years of productivity will be lost worldwide because of viruses and hacking . In total, the cheque this year to US firms with more than 1000 employees for viruses and computer hacking will amount to $266 billion, or more than 2.5 per cent of the nation's gross domestic product. The price tag worldwide soars to $1.6tn, according to the PwC study. The real effects of viruses are not as much as everybody shouts about. That said, I know of two cases where clients of ours have picked up contracts because their competitors were hit by the Love Bug, said Shipp. It's really difficult to estimate how much viruses cost. In the area of hacktivism, which involves the use of hacking tools and techniques of a disruptive nature of government or commercial systems, the Internet will serve mainly to draw attention to incidents, as such incidents are regularly over portrayed by news media. Whether that attention has the desired effect of changing policy decisions related to the issue at hand is much less certain. ?Hackers may feel a sense of power, because they can do it. Others do it for the challenge of the problem, using a protected system as just another playground to tune their skills. But some just do it for the recognition, hoping that someone will notice them and make the famous in the media. These people usually don't last very long in the grand scheme of things.? In April of 1999, Yahoo!, CNN and other prominent media web sites got hit by a organized and severe DOS (Denial Of Service) attack. The attack was done through university servers, in Canada and the US, which were hacked and made to be puppets of the perpetrators of the attack. The attack sent the affected companies stocks plummeting because they could not continue their daily business. While this is an extreme situation, similar situations happen almost daily. Packet sniffers are set up on networks to catch unencrypted passwords and logins, Trojans are planted to allow a hacker to gain access to you files without the user being even aware of it. With such lack or security evident among the bases of our society, what would happen if a hostile nation waged a cyber war on us? In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senior research fellow at the Institute for Security and Intelligence in California, coined the term cyberterrorism to refer to the merging of cyberspace and terrorism . Mark Pollitt, special agent for the FBI, offered a definition: Cyberterrorism is the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents. Politically motivated attacks that cause serious harm, such as severe economic hardship or sustained loss of power or water, might also be characterized as cyberterrorism. Like most other groups, terrorist groups are using the Internet extensively to spread their message and to communicate and coordinate action. However, there have been few if any computer network attacks that can match up to the terrorist acts caused by non electronic warfare. The 1998 e-mail bombing by the Internet Black Tigers against the Sri Lanken embassies was perhaps the closest thing to cyberterrorism that has occurred so

July 2012 Essays

July 2012 Essays July 2012 Essay July 2012 Essay Poverty is an universal issue that become a social phenomenal that happen nearly to every countries including in advanced countries. In Malaysia many effort been taken by government to abolish poverty issue since independent day. The results show the poverty rate is reduced by 8. 5 percent in 1999 to 5. 7 percent in 2004. However this poverty rate did not show the exact group of society. It only showed the overall poverty rate in Malaysia.We cannot define the group that usually live in poor living standard. Disable people is happen to be in disability condition that significantly impaired relative to the usual standard of an individual. There are various types of disabilities including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment mental illness, and various types of chronic disease. This disability can hamper or reduce a persons ability to carry out their day activities. There are several international research studies have been done to study on the relation of poverty and disability.From the research show that there are positive relationship between poverty and disability which explain that disability is also contribute to the poverty. Even there also research found that disabled people usually live in poor by generation to generation, (Yeo ; Moore,2003 ; Hoogeveen, 2005 ; Elwan, 1999). Although there are several research been done but most of it is studied on other country which only little research been done towards disabled people in this country. Eventually overall poor people and disabled profiling still not been collected by continually and systematic.The proposition is, does mostly disable people is having poor living of standard? What is the basic income of living for disable people? And did poverty actually related with disability? Therefore, this study is an effort to build profiling data for disable people in Selangor area. Indirectly this study is also help to bring awareness about d isable people circumstances which people might only see by one eye and does not bothered PROBLEM STATEMENT This topic was chooses due to several issues concerning that happening related with poverty.Due to ‘’Rancangan Malaysia Ke-10’’ RMK10, the government is concern to civilian and going to increase the society standard of living, however there have been several research studies identify that usually disable society is live in poor which generation by generation. So thus this research true and did the government plan able to help the disable people life. Next, in the announced of Budget 2012, government is doing KAR1SMA project that spending RM1. 4 billion in this programme. Government spending RM332 million for disable people (OKU) but individual disabled people will get from RM150 –RM300.However according to Assisted Therapy for the Disabled and Elderly Association (Petpositive) president Anthony Thanasayan, â€Å" the budget given was the worse because it is like disabled people hardly got anything and they need at least RM500 monthly to sustain a decent living†. This was written in the association website. From here, this issue can be related with poor living life that disabled people faces. On top of that, according to ‘’Berita Harian’’(3 April 2011) newspaper stated that from the Malaysia Statistic Department, poverty rate in Malaysia are decline from 1970 (49. 3%) to 2009 (3. 8%).However does this also showing that the rate for disabled poor people is also decreasing. Due to the issues, this study will make survey to find the true situation that happen towards the disabled people. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The main objective of this project paper is to do a case study that related with poverty among the disabled people. From here the objectives to achieve for this project paper are: 1. To analyze current situation of people with disability. 2. To identify the quality of life of people with di sability.. 3. To identify the factors that effects the quality of life of people with disability.SCOPE OF STUDY This study will analyze on the disable society which is working and non-working in Selangor and Wilayah Persekutuan area at age above 20. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework that we try to investigate is towards several factors that might effects disable people quality of life. The dependent variable is quality of life (income), which is the variable of primary interest. This study is attempt to explain the variance in this dependent variable by the six independent variables of (1) healthcare, (2) education level, (3) personal emotion, (4) social community, and (5) job employment.METHODOLOGY Data for this study will be obtains from primary sources. Data will be collect by questionnaire towards disabled people in Selangor area. The questionnaire is to get the personal information such as age, education level, marital status and income. Other methods of data coll ection will also be applies like observations studies which to identify the rate of poverty according to years and statistic of disabled people. After collect the data, then data will be analyze and testing to get finding which will show the results either null hypothesis is accepted or reject.DEFINATION OF TERMS Impairment: An individual’s condition – physical, sensory, intellectual or behavioural Disability: A complex system of social restrictions imposed on people with impairments resulting in a denial of rights and equal opportunities. Disabled people or people with disabilities: The chosen terminology of the disability movement varies between cultures and languages. In this document is used term of disabled people, as this is favoured in the UK. However in other countries the disability movement prefers people with disabilities.Inclusive Policies: Policies which acknowledge that socially excluded, poor or vulnerable people are not a homogeneous group and that dis abled people have a right to be included in poverty alleviation and development work. Chronic Poverty: For these purposes, chronic poverty is defined as those who are intergenerationally poor and also experience multi-dimensional poverty (income, education, social capital etc. ). Self- Help groups: groups and organisations which come together to address the causes of their oppression, discrimination or poverty and to advocate for inclusion. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2. 1 Introduction . 10 2. 2 International Migration Theories . 13 2. 3 International Migration and Paid Domestic Workers in Malaysia .. 18 2. 4 Conclusion .. 3 According to G. M. Monawar Hosain, David Atkinson, and Peter Underwood (2002) in their study is about Impact of Disability on Quality of Life of Rural Disabled People in Bangladesh. The method of their research is conducted a door-to-door survey in two villages in Bangladesh to collect socioeconomic and demographic information o n the villagers and for identification of disabled people. Information on disability and how it affected their life was also obtained either from the disabled people or from their caregivers by interviewing them.The finding revealed that disability had a devastating effect on the quality of life of the disabled people with a particularly negative effect on their marriage, educational attainment, employment, and emotional state. Disability also jeopardized their personal, family and social life. More than half of the disabled people were looked at negatively by society. Disabled women and girl children suffered more from negative attitudes than their male counterparts, resulting in critical adverse effects on their psychological and social health.The recommendations are a combination of educational, economic and intensive rehabilitative measures should be implemented urgently to make them self-reliant. Collaborative communication between professionals and parents, behavioural counsel ling, formation of a self-help group, and comprehensive support to families will reduce their suffering. According to Charles Lwanga and Ntale in their study of poverty (situation, dynamics, and impact) has received much impetus in the last 10 years in Uganda.Evidence from the country’s Household Surveys and the recently concluded Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) has yielded much needed policy-relevant information. Emerging evidence from the studies confirms an intrinsic and mutually reinforcing link between poverty and disability. This study focuses on the relationship between chronic poverty and disability in the country, and it argues that disabled people are not only among the poorest of the poor in the country, but that they remain poor for very long periods of time, and from generation to generation.The study seeks to: (a) summarise the current state of knowledge about disability and chronic poverty in Uganda; (b) discuss the factors that disabled people in  "perpetual poverty†; (c) describe the efforts that are presently being made to address longduration poverty among disabled persons in the country; and (d) propose policy interventions aimed at greater inclusion of disabled people in the country’s development processes.The study adopts Hulme and Shepherd’s definition, taking chronic poverty to be that poverty where individuals or households are trapped in severe and multi-dimensional poverty for an extended period of time, and where poverty is linked with the intergenerational transmission, so people who are born in poverty, live in poverty and pass that poverty onto their children (Hulme and Shepherd,2001).Evidence from the study confirms that disabled people, as individuals, or the households in which they live, face a kind of poverty condition that carries on for a long period of time beyond five (5) years, during which period, and regardless of different macro and micro interventions, affected households or i ndividuals are unable to sustain themselves or to improve on their livelihoods. A three-stage process was followed in the study.Stage 1 involved a comprehensive review of both published and grey literature on disability and poverty in Uganda. Stage 2 was the actual fieldwork. This was conducted in four randomly-selected districts representing the country’s geographical regions of East (Iganga District), West (Mbarara District) and Central (Mukono District). Stage 3 was a detailed analysis of the findings from the study through a series of internal workshops, discussion and synthesis.Each round of visits to a given site was preceded by a pre-visit to make appointments, agree meeting places, and to sound out potential respondents. More focused meetings were held subsequently, delving further into the situation of disabled people, but taking care at appropriate moments to separate men from women, youth from elderly disabled, and people of different categories of disability. Qual itative research methods were used, mostly drawing on PRA/PLA methodology.The finding show (1) the number of disabled people in both rural and urban areas is considerable, though detailed knowledge of specific proportions of the different disabilities is still lacking, (2) disabled people are facing various forms of exclusion, isolation and neglect and this condemns them to perpetual (chronic) poverty. (3) Different categories of disabled people have different needs and are differently affected by poverty. (4) Existing poverty-focused policies and programmes, in their present form, are nadequate in addressing the needs of disabled people with respect to poverty eradication. Available evidence from Uganda so far confirms that disability has a close relationship with chronic poverty, but that the detailed nature of this relationship needs to be further explored. According to Lauren Graham, Lisa Selipsky, Jacqueline Moodley and Jennifer Maina with Dr William Rowland study on the ways i n which poverty and disability are linked and how each compounds the experience in an urban setting.The research was conducted in eight of the poorest wards in Johannesburg and sought to understand how people who had indicated in a previous household survey that they were either living with a disability or were too ill to work, cope in a situation of poverty. The research sought to assess livelihood opportunities, access to education and health care, social networks and support as well as life satisfaction.A mixed-methods approach (Greene, 2008) was employed. This was used to ensure that statistically significant data pertaining to the conditions under which poor people with a disability live were generated in addition to qualitative in-depth data regarding the day-to-day life experiences of a poor person living with a disability. This allowed for triangulation of data and provided information that is rich and contextual, as well as significant for the sample.The research design was framed from a livelihoods perspective, which is underpinned by an assets-approach to poverty (Sen, 1999). Questions posed were therefore intended to understand coping and resilience mechanisms in terms of livelihoods rather than focusing on deficits and challenges. That said, the ability of disabled and chronically ill respondents is obviously constrained by certain factors, which are also assessed.The method involved re-analysing data that had been collected during the Johannesburg Poverty and Livelihoods Study (JPLS) that was conducted in 2007 by the CSDA (de Wet, Patel, Korth ; Forrester, 2008); conducting a follow up survey with members of households who in the 2007 survey had indicated that they were either disabled or too ill to work; conducting semi-structured interviews with fifteen respondents; and conducting one in-depth interview which resulted in a case study of a particular individual who is disabled.From this study show the finding that demonstrated how disability and poverty are intimately linked. What is clear from the findings of this report is that the situation of poverty, with its outcomes including lack of livelihood opportunities and limited access to education serve to provide disabling contexts in which a person living with a disability or chronic illness is less able to demonstrate his or her ability and reach his or her full potential.As a result, it is imperative that initiatives aimed at dealing with the delivery of basic services to all people, including those living with disabilities and chronic illnesses, remain an utmost priority. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY SOCIAL COMMUNITY PERSONAL EMOTION QUALITY OF LIFE HEALTH EDUCATION JOB

Benjamin Franklin and his contribution to US Essay

Benjamin Franklin and his contribution to US - Essay Example He is favourably considered by many historians as a person who valued personal freedom and fought to see the wishes of the people prevail. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the contributions of Benjamin Franklin to the country he played a role in founding. Fire was very a dangerous threat to Philadelphians therefore Benjamin Franklin created the Union Fire Company in 1736 to remedy the situation. The company became one of the first volunteer firefighting companies in the United States of America. In 1752, Benjamin created the Philadelphia Contribution for Insurance against Loss by Fire to help those who often suffered irreversible economic loss because of fire damages (Brands 83). Those who had insurance policies were lucky because they could not be wiped out financially by fire damages. In London Benjamin opposed the Stamp Act but failed to prevent its passage. Consequently, he made a political miscalculation by recommending a friend of his to the post of stamp distributor for Pennsylvania. This act annoyed the Pennsylvanians and they threatened to destroy his home in Philadelphia because they believed he had been supporting the measure that they were against all along. However, Benjamin soon realized the extent to which the colonies were resistant to the Stamp Act and gave a testimony before the House of Commons that led to its repeal as noted by Brands (56). In his testimony he said that the Americans would not pay taxes if the Stamp Act was adopted. This made Benjamin the leading American spokesman for American interests in England. He wrote famous essays on behalf of the colonies and was appointed by as an agent of many other colonies to the crown. In 1773, Benjamin wrote two essays that were his most celebrated pro American satirical writings. His essays were An Edict by the King of Prussia and Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (Houston 312). After the return of Benjamin to Pennsylvania, in 1963, the western frontier

Economic policy and global environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economic policy and global environment - Essay Example The reduction in the government spending in 2012 has resulted in falling growth rates over the last three quarters. The shutdown of the government has greatly impacted the government spending. Though these workers will be paid their salaries retroactively, their better halves in the private sector cannot expect the same and this will lower consumption spending in the festive season. The uncertainty in the political environment is likely to affect the investments in the country, which will further result in the weaker growth. Governments Fiscal Policy: Past and Present perspective Historically, the fiscal policies, adopted by the government at state, local or federal levels, have mostly been tailwind for the economy. This implies that it has tried to boost the economy (International Monetary Fund, 2013). This has drawn references from the history that whenever the economy is in recession, the government follows an expansionary fiscal policy. This can be explained with the help of the following graph. Figure 1: Expansionary Monetary Policy (Source: Burnt Hills-Ballstan Lake, n.d.) If the government follows an expansionary policy, either by raising the level of government spending or reducing the level of the taxes, there is an outward expansion of the aggregate demand curve. This is represented by the shift of the curve from AD0 to AD1 (Burnt Hills-Ballstan Lake, n.d.). In this range of the SRAS, there is almost no effect on the rate of inflation which is measured by the price level, measured in the y-axis of the graph. The rationale working here is that during sluggish economic performance, the revenue that can be earned from taxes falls and the level of government spending has... This essay presents a comprehensive economic analysis of the effectiveness of the fiscal policy carried out by American government in 2013 year. Fiscal policy measures are the methods which are applied by the government to adjust the levels of government spending and tax rates that directly influence the growth of an economy. The fiscal policy is used in combination with the monetary policy to control the economic growth. The monetary and fiscal policies can directly affect the rate of inflation and determine whether the country will face conditions of growth or recession In designing the fiscal policies, the government has faced formidable challenges and hence, decided to reduce the level of spending. The rising age of the population, along with rising costs of health care, makes expansionary fiscal policies non-feasible in long run. The rising expenditure by the government would have soon surpassed the revenue earned by government and The analysis has revealed that the government had changed its fiscal policy from expansionary to contractionary for dealing with the recession in the present time. It has been observed that the recent federal shutdown, though for a short period, has slowed down the pace of recovery of the economy. The direct impact was the reduction of the GDP on account of the lay-off of the federal workers. The indirect impact came from the multiplier effects of the government spending cuts. The employment figures were also affected owing to the shutdown and resulted in the loss of investor confidence.

The Relationships Among the Four Functions Essay Example for Free

The Relationships Among the Four Functions Essay The four functions of management are planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling. These functions are interrelated because the performance of one depends on the performance of its predecessor. While each is equally important on its own, I believe that the functions are a part of a process that must be viewed and implemented as a whole. First, planning involves choosing the tasks that are to be performed to meet the organization’s goals. Next is organizing, which is the process of assigning the tasks to the people responsible for getting the job done. Then there is influencing which is the guiding of the activities of the people assigned toward a desired end. And finally, there is controlling the process of gathering and comparing information to determine whether a project, or organization, is on track or needs improvement. Once you have done the planning, and organized the players to complete the tasks, you must influence the players by getting them to buy-in your plan. In this function you are being more of a â€Å"coach† than anything. A manager’s influence over the personnel assigned and how they approach the organizations goals is key. How to motivate, lead, or direct them toward the goals is the primary goal. In a sense, influencing is a way you can obtain the fourth and final function, controlling. The fourth function, controlling, involves possible modification to existing plans, organizational structure, or the motivation system used to develop a more successful effort. Being able to measure the performance of the personnel who have responsibility for the assigned tasks, will enable one to compare this to expected standards, then either influence them towards more positive gains, plan additional tasks, or continue to monitor progress towards goals. As you can see, each of the functions, while separate, are inextricably intertwined and necessary for the effective management of a project, or the organization as a whole.

Analysis of The Maltese Falcon Essay example -- Movie Film Maltese Fal

Analysis of The Maltese Falcon The Maltese Falcon, was not only a detective film, but a film that displayed many different aspects of the female and the male character in the movie. The film was more than a story, but a story that explored the ideas of the detective genre and the different characteristics of femininity and masculinity. It also brought forth subjects of sexual desires and the greediness of money. The characters and the visual motifs in the film contributed to the developing of the plot and assisted in creating a more detective and gender oriented film. In the film, The Maltese Falcon, the role of men and women are portrayed in different ways in the film to show the distinct functions of masculinity and femininity between the characters. Sam said to Effie, ?Your a nice rattle brain angel.? Sam Spade?s assistant, Effie is a conservative and a practical woman. As the detective?s assistant, she possesses more of masculine qualities than feminine qualities. Since she works in an environment around men, she has a tendency to be more influenced by their activities and their ideas. Sam said to Effie, ?Your a detective darling.? Her voice seems to be monotone which shows her as a strong and an independent person. Although she may act this way, she is still a woman who is somewhat ladylike and very polite. In some ways, women are used to bring forth the ideas of sex and lust, but in this case, Effie?s role was necessary in helping the story to develop and to present how the role of woman could be played and perceived. Sam said to Effie, ?Your a good man, sister.? Effie possessed many masculine qualities and this quote helped to reinforce the idea of it all. Another female role that was a part of the film was Iva, who was the wife of Miles. She was very lady-like and beautiful which helped her to use her image and personality in a way to receive certain things. Miles was Sam Spade?s partner in the detective business. Her character as a woman is somewhat different from Effie?s. Iva and Sam Spade once had a history together even though she was married to Miles. Iva said to Sam, ?You killed my husband, Sam, be kind to me.? She sets up a different role for woman because of her actions and of the characteristics that she possesses. In a way, she thinks that Sam Spade is in love with her and for that reason, she thought that he had killed her hus... ...ch character. Although Effie took on a female role, she possessed many masculine characteristics which allowed it possible for her to get along with the men in the film. The other women in the film took on the classic role of the female characters as helpless, seductive, or conniving. The male characters took on the customary roles as the ones who were strict and cautious, while others sought only for lust and money. Some of the male characters were able to control their feelings and did not allow their emotions to come in the way of their moral decisions while some couldn?t restrain themselves from the lustful feelings they had inside. Sam said to Brigid, ?If they hang you, I will always remember you...you never played square with me for the half hour to the stretch that I?ve known you.? Even though Sam had feelings for Brigid, he was still going to turn her in for the murder she had committed. He was not going to allow his desires for her come between his morals and his profess ion. Through this many things were accomplished such as portraying the genre of detectives, the genre of female and male figures, and the roles that the characters which led up to the ending of the story.

Influence of Music vs. Books Essay

Music and books are active ingredients in our lives. They possess so much influential power which we use those influences everyday of our lives without even realizing it. We all have a favorite book that we read in elementary school or high school that taught us a lesson or that we related to. With that comes this influence that stays with us throughout our lives, we are able to take that influence and turn it into the reason we are the way we are or why we tend to make the decisions that we make. Most of us also have a favorite song or artist that sings a song that can take us to a certain place in our lives that was a happy time or even a sad time. We relate words and melody in a song to those influences we let take hold of us and frame our mind set in similar situations that make us so fond of the song or a particular type of music. Whether it be books or music, we are influenced by these two things, but which is the most beneficial? Books will challenge us and force an influence that is more positive than what music can bring to the table. Not all is bad in the music and books world. Let’s face it, we can learn tons from both of these forms of art. When it comes to music, just like books, there is a wide variety to choose from. The scope of books The different styles of books and music vary from person to person and not one style is better that the other. Music has many genres; rap, hip hop, r&b, country, sould, classical, jazz, blue grass, alternative and more. Books has many genres as well; mystery, western, teen, childrens and more. They both possess the power to bring out many emotions. Books have been developing over the years and the stories have gotten more intense and diverse. Music has also come a long way throughout time and so much has developed with the music scene. Certain types of music, as well as books, can reach people of all different ages and bring something out in them that nothing else can. Music today, that is most popular, has all sorts of curse words and disgusting messages in the song lyrics. Books can only convey so much. A book that a child would read in high school would have less of an influence for the simple fact that I don’t think many kinds like to read anyways. There is so much going on with the popular music scene, as far as it shaping the way that our kids dress nowadays to the decisions that they choose to  make. A child can tell you what the latest gossip is about their favorite musical artist is, rather than the title of the last book they read. If they were given an assignment to read in school, most would probably tell you that they have never really read a book completely that they were assigned to read in school. Most of the time it is the work of SparkNotes, a website most kids trust to tell them the summary of chapters of a particular book, that does the reading for them. So the influence of music has such a greater effect than a book would on a child. In conclusion books force an influence that is more positive that what music can bring to the table, but how does any of it mean anything if we have no control over those influences? Music can be a lovely thing for us to learn from but where does it end and where does it begin? Books contain so many lessons to be had and adventures to be made, but how can we take hold of them and all of the influence there? It is up to the reader and the love of music to decide what will influence them today, and the difference it will make tomorrow.